a) One key characteristic of the merit system is hiring people based on experience and qualifications, not based on race or gender.
b) The structure of the federal bureaucracy is large, based on merit and has specialized units for certain areas. The bureaus further contribute to public policy problems because they are delegated authority by Congress and the president when they cannot complete a task themselves and get discretionary authority when expertise is needed.
c) Congress checks the bureaucracy by appropriations to certain agencies. The courts check the bureaus through judicial review and interest groups check the bureaus through litigation and installing fear of being sued.
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/public/repository/ap10_us_govt_politics_q2.pdf
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